Richness of the associated flora to Michoacan Avocado Mosaic, Mexico (Inventories in 2020, 2022, 2023).

a6cb6b50-ccdb-4852-bda1-0bce106b70a4 http://iptinecolbajio.inecol.mx/resource?r=arvense_flora_richness_of_the_michoacan_avocado_mosaic Richness of the associated flora to Michoacan Avocado Mosaic, Mexico (Inventories in 2020, 2022, 2023). Brenda Y. Bedolla-García Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL) Centro Regional del Bajío Academic Technician Data base IEB Herbarium

Av. Lázaro Cárdenas No. 253 Col. Centro. Pátzcuaro Michoacán 61600 MX

4341179510 dulce.campo.hinojosa@gmail.com https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0433-877X Francisco Moisés Estrada-Roldán Instituto de Ecología, A.C. INECOL Centro Regional del Bajío Student

Av. Lázaro Cárdenas No. 253 Col. Centro. Pátzcuaro Michoacán 61600 MX

francisco.mer1999@gmail.com https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5927-2788 Daniel Madrigal-González Facultad de tecnología de la madera, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo Msc student

Morelia Michoacán MX

dan06245@gmail.com https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9368-2319 Josué Román-Vázquez Instituto de Ecología, A.C. INECOL Centro Regional del Bajío Student

Av. Lázaro Cárdenas No. 253 Col. Centro. Pátzcuaro Michoacán 61600 MX

josuerov_96@hotmail.com https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4484-0609 Victor W. Steinmann Instituto de Ecología, A.C. INECOL Centro Regional del Bajío Researcher

Av. Lázaro Cárdenas No. 253 Col. Centro. Pátzcuaro Michoacán 61600 MX

4341179510 victor.steinmann@inecol.mx https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0103-9575 Carlos Andres Cultid-Medina Instituto de ecología, A.C. INECOL Centro Regional del Bajío Investigador

Av. Lázaro Cárdenas No. 253 Pátzcuaro Michoacán de Ocampo 61600 MX

4341179510 carlos.cultid@inecol.mx https://sites.google.com/view/bpnlab-cultid/principalhome?authuser=0&pli=1 0000-0002-4929-8405 Carlos Andres Cultid-Medina Instituto de ecología, A.C. INECOL Centro Regional del Bajío Investigador

Av. Lázaro Cárdenas No. 253 Pátzcuaro Michoacán de Ocampo 61600 MX

4341179510 carlos.cultid@inecol.mx https://sites.google.com/view/bpnlab-cultid/principalhome?authuser=0&pli=1 0000-0002-4929-8405 pointOfContact 2025-10-20 eng One of the most obvious and immediate consequences of the establishment and expansion of monocultures is the reduction, control, or elimination of native or non-cultivated flora at the local and landscape level (Altieri 2009). In an intensive and technified agricultural system, controlling non-cultivated flora is a common agricultural practice that aims to ensure crop production and the effectiveness of agronomic packages that usually accompany high-yield crops (Oerke 2006). However, it has been shown that the elimination of associated uncultivated flora may compromise the medium-term viability and sustainability of agricultural production (depending on the crop production cycle, biogeography and land use history), as it jeopardises the persistence of sustaining ecosystem services such as water and nutrient retention in the soil, pollination and natural pest control (Crews et al. 2018, Chandrasena 2021). In neotropical agricultural systems, knowledge about associated uncultivated flora is scattered, primarily due to society's negative perception of this flora. It is still common to use words such as "weeds" to refer to this component of agricultural systems. However, over at least the last two decades, there has been an increase in basic and applied research aimed at harnessing and improving our relationship with non-cultivated flora. In fact, Mexico has been working to increase the visibility and ethnobotanical importance of beneficial non-cultivated flora and its richness in both agricultural and urban landscapes (e.g., CONAHCYT 2024). Avocado (Persea americana) is, together with agave (Agave tequilana), an agricultural crop of high economic value for Mexico. However, the unregulated establishment and expansion in some areas of the avocado belt have been linked to increased deforestation, restricted water access and availability, and increased application of agrochemical inputs for pest and weed control (Denvir et al. 2021, Latorre-Cárdenas et al. 2023). There is extensive discussion about weed control during the harvest period for export-type avocados. Although the standard indicates that weeds must be kept below 10 centimetres tall during the harvest period (OWP, 2021), local weed management practices may vary among producers, resulting in a wide range of weed control strategies based on practical economic decisions or idiosyncratic choices. It is a fact that the protection and environmental health of agricultural soil depend on the role of the herbaceous layer, and this is no different in avocado orchards. Unlike other shrub or tree-dominated monocultures in the Neotropics, avocados are native to Mexico. As they are trees, avocado orchards, depending on planting density, tend to exhibit a certain level of vertical stratification with a relatively dense herbaceous layer, trunk (which can harbour some non-parasitic epiphytic plants such as ferns and orchids), and canopy. In this regard, to find strategies to improve the sustainability of avocado cultivation in Mexico, it is critical to expand our knowledge of the uncultivated flora associated with avocado orchards. To contribute to knowledge of the uncultivated flora associated with avocado orchards in Michoacán, we present a dataset on the occurrence of 181 species of Tracheophyte distributed across 121 genera and 47 families (409 specimens). The main non-formal groups are ferns and allies with 14 species (Lycopodiopsida 2 spp, Polypodiopsida 12 spp) and flowering plants with 166 species (Liliopsida 11 spp, Magnolipsida 156 spp) (e.i, occurrence.csv). Regarding flowering plants, records are presented for 122 native species, 22 introduced (naturalised) species and 38 endemic species. This dataset expands (with botanical collection voucher) the previous list of herbaceous plants associated with avocado orchard flora (Merlín-Uribe et al. 2014 ). All specimens have been herbarium-preserved and are deposited in the IEB Herbarium at the INECOL Regional Centre in Bajío. In addition, a set of data is presented that includes information on the type of collection site (inside orchards vs forest edge – orchard), origin (e.g., Native), form life (e.g., Herbaceous), and corolla colour (e.g., White; Only for angiosperms) (e.i, measurementOrFact.csv). Occurrence GBIF Dataset Type Vocabulary: http://rs.gbif.org/vocabulary/gbif/dataset_type_2015-07-10.xml Arvenses Weeds richness oak-pine forest template forest Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt Botanical collection Vaucher n/a Specimen GBIF Dataset Subtype Vocabulary: http://rs.gbif.org/vocabulary/gbif/dataset_subtype.xml This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC-BY-NC 4.0) License. Between the municipalities of Tacámbaro (far east) and Peribán (far west) (19.2708°N, -101.489°W; 19.46°N, -102.365°) between 1478 m and 2400 m elevation. The sampling covers an influence area of approximately 60,000 ha, corresponding to 7.8% of the area covered by avocado orchards in Michoacán (SIAP 2024). The area of sampling influence included agricultural areas adjacent or close to the outer limits of the Barranca del Cupatitzio National Park and Pico de Tancítaro Flora and Fauna Protection Area. -102.365 -101.489 19.5 19.094 2020-09-12 2020-10-05 2020-10-17 2023-07-23 2022-10-07 2022-10-26 2022-11-08 2022-11-26 2023-09-21 We present a dataset on the occurrence of 180 species of Tracheophyte distributed across 121 genera and 47 families (409 specimens). The main non-formal groups are ferns and allies with 14 species (Lycopodiopsida 2 species, Polypodiopsida 12 species) and flowering plants with 166 species (Liliopsida 11 species, Magnoliopsida 155 sp). species Acaciella angustissima (Mill.) Britton & Rose species Acalypha mollis Kunth species Acalypha multispicata S. Watson species Acalypha ocymoides Kunth species Acmella radicans (Jacq.) R.K. Jansen species Acmella repens (Walter) Rich. ex Pers. species Adiantum braunii Mett. ex Kuhn species Aeschynomene americana L. species Ageratum corymbosum Zuccagni species Aldama hypochlora (S.F. Blake) E.E. Schill. & Panero species Alloispermum scabrum (Lag.) H. Rob. species Amaranthus hybridus L. species Anagallis arvensis L. species Anoda cristata (L.) Schltdl. species Asplenium monanthes L. species Asplenium sphaerosporum A.R. Sm. species Astragalus guatemalensis Hemsl. species Astragalus hartwegii Benth. species Baccharis heterophylla Kunth species Bidens aequisquama (Fernald) Sherff species Bidens aurea (Aiton) Sherff species Bidens bigelovii A. Gray species Bidens pilosa L. species Bouvardia ternifolia (Cav.) Schltdl. species Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. species Brassica rapa L. species Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth species Calceolaria mexicana Benth. species Calliandra grandiflora (L'Hér.) Benth. species Calyptocarpus vialis Less. species Canavalia villosa Benth. species Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. species Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav. species Castilleja gracilis Benth. species Chromolaena collina (DC.) R.M. King & H. Rob. species Cologania broussonetii (Balb.) DC. species Commelina coelestis Willd. species Commelina diffusa Burm. f. species Commelina leiocarpa Benth. species Crotalaria bupleurifolia Schltdl. & Cham. species Crotalaria longirostrata Hook. & Arn. species Crotalaria mollicula Kunth species Crusea hispida (Mill.) B.L. Rob. species Crusea longiflora (Roem. & Schult.) W.R. Anderson species Crusea simplex (Willd.) J.H. Kirkbr. & Wiersema species Cuphea hookeriana Walp. species Cuphea wrightii A. Gray species Cyclanthera tamnoides (Willd.) Cogn. species Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. species Dalea obovatifolia Ortega species Dalea obreniformis (Rydb.) Barneby species Desmodium cordistipulum Hemsl. species Desmodium jaliscanum S. Watson species Desmodium uncinatum (Jacq.) DC. species Drymaria malachioides Briq. species Drymaria villosa Schltdl. & Cham. species Dryopteris cinnamomea (Cav.) C. Chr. species Dryopteris rossii C. Chr. species Dyschoriste angustifolia (Hemsl.) Kuntze species Dyssodia pinnata (Cav.) B.L. Rob. species Echeandia mexicana Cruden species Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. species Erigeron bonariensis L. species Erigeron galeottii (A.Gray) Greene species Erigeron pubescens Kunth species Euphorbia ariensis Kunth species Euphorbia graminea Jacq. species Euphorbia hirta L. species Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. species Ficus crocata (Miq.) Miq. species Fragaria vesca Schltdl. species Fuchsia arborescens Sims species Fuchsia cylindracea Lindl. species Gaga hirsuta (Link) F.W. Li & Windham species Galinsoga parviflora Cav. species Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav. species Gamochaeta americana (Mill.) Wedd. species Geranium hernandesii DC. species Geranium seemanni Peyr. species Glandularia teucriifolia M. Martens & Galeotti species Gomphrena pringlei J.M. Coult. & Fisher species Heterotheca inuloides Cass. species Hieracium abscissum Less. species Hyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. species Ipomoea cholulensis Kunth species Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth species Ipomoea triloba L. species Iresine diffusa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. species Jaegeria hirta (Lag.) Less. species Jaltomata procumbens (Cav.) J.L. Gentry species Kearnemalvastrum subtriflorum (Lag.) D.M. Bates species Lepidium didymum L. species Lepidium virginicum L. species Lithospermum trinervium (Lehm.) J.I. Cohen species Lobelia fenestralis Cav. species Lobelia laxiflora Kunth species Lolium multiflorum Lam. species Lopezia racemosa Cav. species Lupinus hintoniorum B.L. Turner species Macroptilium gibbosifolium (Ortega) A. Delgado species Malva parviflora L. species Marina diffusa (Moric.) Barneby species Melampodium americanum L. species Melampodium divaricatum (Rich.) DC. species Melampodium paniculatum Gardner species Melampodium perfoliatum (Cav.) Kunth species Melampodium tepicense B.L. Rob. species Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka species Monnina ciliolata Sessé & Moc. ex DC. species Oenothera deserticola (Loes.) Munz species Oenothera pubescens Willd. ex Spreng. species Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.) P. Beauv. species Oreopanax echinops (Schltdl. & Cham.) Decne. & Planch. species Oxalis corniculata L. species Persea americana Mill. species Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn.) H. Gross species Phacelia platycarpa (Cav.) Spreng. species Phaseolus coccineus L. species Phaseolus leptostachyus Benth. species Phaseolus lunatus L. species Phaseolus micranthus Hook. & Arn. species Phenax hirtus (Sw.) Wedd. species Physalis volubilis Waterf. species Phytolacca icosandra L. species Piqueria trinervia Cav. species Pleopeltis furfuracea (Schltdl. & Cham.) A.R.Sm. & Tejero species Pleopeltis madrensis (J.Sm.) A.R.Sm. & Tejero species Polygala berlandieri S. Watson species Polypodium plesiosorum Kunze species Polypodium subpetiolatum Hook. species Priva aspera Kunth species Pteridium caudatum (L.) Maxon species Richardia scabra L. species Rubus liebmannii Focke species Rumex crispus L. species Rumex obtusifolius L. species Salvia lavanduloides Kunth species Salvia longispicata M.Martens & Galeotti species Salvia mexicana L. species Salvia misella Kunth species Salvia polystachya Ortega species Salvia tiliifolia Vahl species Selaginella pallescens (C. Presl) Spring species Selaginella porphyrospora A. Braun species Senna foetidissima (Sessé & Moc. ex G. Don) H.S. Irwin & Barneby species Sicyos longisepalus Cogn. species Sicyos microphyllus Kunth species Sida haenkeana C. Presl species Sigesbeckia agrestis Poepp. species Simsia amplexicaulis (Cav.) Pers. species Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. species Smilax mollis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. species Solanum americanum Mill. species Solanum lanceolatum Cav. species Solanum americanum Mill. species Solanum appendiculatum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Dunal species Solanum ferrugineum Jacq. species Solanum nigrescens M. Martens & Galeotti species Sonchus oleraceus L. species Spananthe paniculata Jacq. species Spermacoce remota Lam. species Stachys agraria Schltdl. & Cham. species Stevia ovata Willd. species Tagetes filifolia Lag. species Tagetes lunulata Ortega Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg. unkown Brenda Y. Bedolla-García Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL) Centro Regional del Bajío Academic Technician Data base IEB Herbarium

Av. Lázaro Cárdenas No. 253 Col. Centro. Pátzcuaro Michoacán 61600 MX

4341179510 brenda.bedolla@inecol.mx https://perfiles.inecol.mx/index.php/tecnicos-institucionales/herbario-ieb/brenda-yudith-bedolla-garcia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1560-1090 (1) collection and herbarium preparation of fertile specimens in the field, (2) sample processing (in a dryer), (3) mounting and taxonomic determination, (4) catalogue assignment, and (5) entry into the IEB herbarium. Between the municipalities of Tacámbaro (far east) and Peribán (far west) (19.2708°N, -101.489°W; 19.46°N, -102.365°) between 1478 m and 2400 m elevation. The sampling covers an area of influence of approximately 60000 ha, corresponding to 7.8% of the area covered by avocado orchards in Michoacán (SIAP 2024 ). The area of sampling influence included agricultural areas adjacent or close to the outer limits of the Barranca del Cupatitzio National Park and Pico de Tancítaro Flora and Fauna Protection Area. Plants were collected along ad libitum transects within export-type avocado orchards. All botanical specimens were herbarium-preserved in the field and identified by expert botanical taxonomists based on the IEB Herbarium collection. To ensure verification of the identifications, each specimen has a catalogue number within the IEB herbarium. Etnobiología, interacciones biológicas y restauración ecológica en el Centro-Occidente de México Carlos Andres Cultid-Medina 0000-0002-4929-8405 author The ecosystems of central-western Mexico are subject to alarming rates of fragmentation and habitat loss. Biodiversity loss hurts ecosystem functionality and, combined with global warming, is affecting the region's development and will continue to do so due to the deterioration of environmental services. Given this scenario, this project aims to generate, in the medium and long term, solutions with high scientific and socio-economic value based on the adaptive design of ecological restoration strategies for the territory, taking into account the dynamics of biotic interactions that sustain key ecological processes such as pollination and seed dispersal (primary and secondary) at the landscape and regional scales. Secretaría de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnología e Innovación (SECIHTI). Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL). Economic region of Central-Western Mexico. Plants were collected along ad libitum transects within export-type avocado orchards. 2025-10-08T15:47:30.650-06:00 dataset Bedolla-García B Y, Campos-Hinojosa D M, Estrada-Roldán F M, Madrigal-González D, Román-Vázquez J, Steinmann V W, Cultid-Medina C A (2025). Richness of the associated flora to Michoacan Avocado Mosaic, Mexico (Inventories in 2020, 2022, 2023).. Version 1.2. Instituto de Ecología A.C. Centro Regional del Bajío. Occurrence dataset. http://iptinecolbajio.inecol.mx/resource?r=arvense_flora_richness_of_the_michoacan_avocado_mosaic&v=1.2 Altieri, M. A. (2009). Green deserts: Monocultures and their impacts on biodiversity. Emanuelli MS. Jons J, Monsalve S, Eds. Red Sugar, Green Deserts: Latin American Report on Monocultures and Violations of the Human Rights to Adequate Food and Housing, to Water, to Land and to Territory. Sweden: FIAN International, 67-76. Oerke, E. C. (2006). Crop losses to pests. The Journal of agricultural science, 144(1), 31-43. Crews, T. E., Carton, W., & Olsson, L. (2018). Is the future of agriculture perennial? Imperatives and opportunities to reinvent agriculture by shifting from annual monocultures to perennial polycultures. Global Sustainability, 1, e11. Chandrasena, N. (2021). Weeds and biodiversity: some reflections. Weeds-Journal of the Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society, 3(2), 1-19. CONAHCYT, (2024). Manejo Ecológico Integral de Arvenses en México (MEIA). Compilado de gacetas 1 a 27 / coord. de Ana Laura Urrutia Cárdenas, Luis Enrique García Barrios. – México : Conahcyt, 2024 580 p. Merlín-Uribe Y., L. Villamil-Echeverri L., J. Martínez, E. Ramírez., R. Ayala, M. Astier & M.E. Gavito. 2014. Biodiversidad útil: plantas e insectos benéficos asociados al cultivo de aguacate en Michoacán. Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental-Universidad Autónoma de México. Morelia 99 pp Operational Work Plan (OWP). 2021. Systems Approach for the importation of fresh Hass Avocado from Mexico into the United States. United States Deparment of Agriculture (USDA); Secretaría de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural (SADER). No aplica https://www.inecol.mx/index.php/infraestructura/colecciones/coleccion-herbario-ieb Herbario IEB driedAndPressed Ejemplar 1 409 a6cb6b50-ccdb-4852-bda1-0bce106b70a4/v1.2.xml