Description
One of the most obvious and immediate consequences of the establishment and expansion of monocultures is the reduction, control, or elimination of native or non-cultivated flora at the local and landscape level (Altieri 2009). In an intensive and technified agricultural system, controlling non-cultivated flora is a common agricultural practice that aims to ensure crop production and the effectiveness of agronomic packages that usually accompany high-yield crops (Oerke 2006). However, it has been shown that the elimination of associated uncultivated flora may compromise the medium-term viability and sustainability of agricultural production (depending on the crop production cycle, biogeography and land use history), as it jeopardises the persistence of sustaining ecosystem services such as water and nutrient retention in the soil, pollination and natural pest control (Crews et al. 2018, Chandrasena 2021).
In neotropical agricultural systems, knowledge about associated uncultivated flora is scattered, primarily due to society's negative perception of this flora. It is still common to use words such as "weeds" to refer to this component of agricultural systems. However, over at least the last two decades, there has been an increase in basic and applied research aimed at harnessing and improving our relationship with non-cultivated flora. In fact, Mexico has been working to increase the visibility and ethnobotanical importance of beneficial non-cultivated flora and its richness in both agricultural and urban landscapes (e.g., CONAHCYT 2024).
Avocado (Persea americana) is, together with agave (Agave tequilana), an agricultural crop of high economic value for Mexico. However, the unregulated establishment and expansion in some areas of the avocado belt have been linked to increased deforestation, restricted water access and availability, and increased application of agrochemical inputs for pest and weed control (Denvir et al. 2021, Latorre-Cárdenas et al. 2023). There is extensive discussion about weed control during the harvest period for export-type avocados. Although the standard indicates that weeds must be kept below 10 centimetres tall during the harvest period (OWP, 2021), local weed management practices may vary among producers, resulting in a wide range of weed control strategies based on practical economic decisions or idiosyncratic choices.
It is a fact that the protection and environmental health of agricultural soil depend on the role of the herbaceous layer, and this is no different in avocado orchards. Unlike other shrub or tree-dominated monocultures in the Neotropics, avocados are native to Mexico. As they are trees, avocado orchards, depending on planting density, tend to exhibit a certain level of vertical stratification with a relatively dense herbaceous layer, trunk (which can harbour some non-parasitic epiphytic plants such as ferns and orchids), and canopy. In this regard, to find strategies to improve the sustainability of avocado cultivation in Mexico, it is critical to expand our knowledge of the uncultivated flora associated with avocado orchards.
To contribute to knowledge of the uncultivated flora associated with avocado orchards in Michoacán, we present a dataset on the occurrence of 181 species of Tracheophyte distributed across 121 genera and 47 families (409 specimens). The main non-formal groups are ferns and allies with 14 species (Lycopodiopsida 2 spp, Polypodiopsida 12 spp) and flowering plants with 166 species (Liliopsida 11 spp, Magnolipsida 156 spp) (e.i, occurrence.csv). Regarding flowering plants, records are presented for 122 native species, 22 introduced (naturalised) species and 38 endemic species. This dataset expands (with botanical collection voucher) the previous list of herbaceous plants associated with avocado orchard flora (Merlín-Uribe et al. 2014 ). All specimens have been herbarium-preserved and are deposited in the IEB Herbarium at the INECOL Regional Centre in Bajío. In addition, a set of data is presented that includes information on the type of collection site (inside orchards vs forest edge – orchard), origin (e.g., Native), form life (e.g., Herbaceous), and corolla colour (e.g., White; Only for angiosperms) (e.i, measurementOrFact.csv).
Data Records
The data in this occurrence resource has been published as a Darwin Core Archive (DwC-A), which is a standardized format for sharing biodiversity data as a set of one or more data tables. The core data table contains 409 records.
1 extension data tables also exist. An extension record supplies extra information about a core record. The number of records in each extension data table is illustrated below.
This IPT archives the data and thus serves as the data repository. The data and resource metadata are available for download in the downloads section. The versions table lists other versions of the resource that have been made publicly available and allows tracking changes made to the resource over time.
Versions
The table below shows only published versions of the resource that are publicly accessible.
How to cite
Researchers should cite this work as follows:
Bedolla-García B Y, Campos-Hinojosa D M, Estrada-Roldán F M, Madrigal-González D, Román-Vázquez J, Steinmann V W, Cultid-Medina C A (2025). Richness of the associated flora to Michoacan Avocado Mosaic, Mexico (Inventories in 2020, 2022, 2023).. Version 1.2. Instituto de Ecología A.C. Centro Regional del Bajío. Occurrence dataset. http://iptinecolbajio.inecol.mx/resource?r=arvense_flora_richness_of_the_michoacan_avocado_mosaic&v=1.2
Rights
Researchers should respect the following rights statement:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC-BY-NC 4.0) License.
GBIF Registration
This resource has been registered with GBIF, and assigned the following GBIF UUID: a6cb6b50-ccdb-4852-bda1-0bce106b70a4. Instituto de Ecología A.C. Centro Regional del Bajío publishes this resource, and is itself registered in GBIF as a data publisher endorsed by Biodiversity Information System of Mexico.
Keywords
Occurrence; Arvenses; Weeds; richness; oak-pine forest; template forest; Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt; Botanical collection Vaucher; Specimen
Contacts
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https://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1560-1090
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Geographic Coverage
Between the municipalities of Tacámbaro (far east) and Peribán (far west) (19.2708°N, -101.489°W; 19.46°N, -102.365°) between 1478 m and 2400 m elevation. The sampling covers an influence area of approximately 60,000 ha, corresponding to 7.8% of the area covered by avocado orchards in Michoacán (SIAP 2024). The area of sampling influence included agricultural areas adjacent or close to the outer limits of the Barranca del Cupatitzio National Park and Pico de Tancítaro Flora and Fauna Protection Area.
| Bounding Coordinates | South West [19.094, -102.365], North East [19.5, -101.489] |
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Taxonomic Coverage
We present a dataset on the occurrence of 180 species of Tracheophyte distributed across 121 genera and 47 families (409 specimens). The main non-formal groups are ferns and allies with 14 species (Lycopodiopsida 2 species, Polypodiopsida 12 species) and flowering plants with 166 species (Liliopsida 11 species, Magnoliopsida 155 sp).
| Species | Acaciella angustissima (Mill.) Britton & Rose, Acalypha mollis Kunth, Acalypha multispicata S. Watson, Acalypha ocymoides Kunth, Acmella radicans (Jacq.) R.K. Jansen, Acmella repens (Walter) Rich. ex Pers., Adiantum braunii Mett. ex Kuhn, Aeschynomene americana L., Ageratum corymbosum Zuccagni, Aldama hypochlora (S.F. Blake) E.E. Schill. & Panero, Alloispermum scabrum (Lag.) H. Rob., Amaranthus hybridus L., Anagallis arvensis L., Anoda cristata (L.) Schltdl., Asplenium monanthes L., Asplenium sphaerosporum A.R. Sm., Astragalus guatemalensis Hemsl., Astragalus hartwegii Benth., Baccharis heterophylla Kunth, Bidens aequisquama (Fernald) Sherff, Bidens aurea (Aiton) Sherff, Bidens bigelovii A. Gray, Bidens pilosa L., Bouvardia ternifolia (Cav.) Schltdl., Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., Brassica rapa L., Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth, Calceolaria mexicana Benth., Calliandra grandiflora (L'Hér.) Benth., Calyptocarpus vialis Less., Canavalia villosa Benth., Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik., Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav., Castilleja gracilis Benth., Chromolaena collina (DC.) R.M. King & H. Rob., Cologania broussonetii (Balb.) DC., Commelina coelestis Willd., Commelina diffusa Burm. f., Commelina leiocarpa Benth., Crotalaria bupleurifolia Schltdl. & Cham., Crotalaria longirostrata Hook. & Arn., Crotalaria mollicula Kunth, Crusea hispida (Mill.) B.L. Rob., Crusea longiflora (Roem. & Schult.) W.R. Anderson, Crusea simplex (Willd.) J.H. Kirkbr. & Wiersema, Cuphea hookeriana Walp., Cuphea wrightii A. Gray, Cyclanthera tamnoides (Willd.) Cogn., Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh., Dalea obovatifolia Ortega, Dalea obreniformis (Rydb.) Barneby, Desmodium cordistipulum Hemsl., Desmodium jaliscanum S. Watson, Desmodium uncinatum (Jacq.) DC., Drymaria malachioides Briq., Drymaria villosa Schltdl. & Cham., Dryopteris cinnamomea (Cav.) C. Chr., Dryopteris rossii C. Chr., Dyschoriste angustifolia (Hemsl.) Kuntze, Dyssodia pinnata (Cav.) B.L. Rob., Echeandia mexicana Cruden, Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC., Erigeron bonariensis L., Erigeron galeottii (A.Gray) Greene, Erigeron pubescens Kunth, Euphorbia ariensis Kunth, Euphorbia graminea Jacq., Euphorbia hirta L., Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L., Ficus crocata (Miq.) Miq., Fragaria vesca Schltdl., Fuchsia arborescens Sims, Fuchsia cylindracea Lindl., Gaga hirsuta (Link) F.W. Li & Windham, Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav., Gamochaeta americana (Mill.) Wedd., Geranium hernandesii DC., Geranium seemanni Peyr., Glandularia teucriifolia M. Martens & Galeotti, Gomphrena pringlei J.M. Coult. & Fisher, Heterotheca inuloides Cass., Hieracium abscissum Less., Hyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq., Ipomoea cholulensis Kunth, Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth, Ipomoea triloba L., Iresine diffusa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Jaegeria hirta (Lag.) Less., Jaltomata procumbens (Cav.) J.L. Gentry, Kearnemalvastrum subtriflorum (Lag.) D.M. Bates, Lepidium didymum L., Lepidium virginicum L., Lithospermum trinervium (Lehm.) J.I. Cohen, Lobelia fenestralis Cav., Lobelia laxiflora Kunth, Lolium multiflorum Lam., Lopezia racemosa Cav., Lupinus hintoniorum B.L. Turner, Macroptilium gibbosifolium (Ortega) A. Delgado, Malva parviflora L., Marina diffusa (Moric.) Barneby, Melampodium americanum L., Melampodium divaricatum (Rich.) DC., Melampodium paniculatum Gardner, Melampodium perfoliatum (Cav.) Kunth, Melampodium tepicense B.L. Rob., Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka, Monnina ciliolata Sessé & Moc. ex DC., Oenothera deserticola (Loes.) Munz, Oenothera pubescens Willd. ex Spreng., Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.) P. Beauv., Oreopanax echinops (Schltdl. & Cham.) Decne. & Planch., Oxalis corniculata L., Persea americana Mill., Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn.) H. Gross, Phacelia platycarpa (Cav.) Spreng., Phaseolus coccineus L., Phaseolus leptostachyus Benth., Phaseolus lunatus L., Phaseolus micranthus Hook. & Arn., Phenax hirtus (Sw.) Wedd., Physalis volubilis Waterf., Phytolacca icosandra L., Piqueria trinervia Cav., Pleopeltis furfuracea (Schltdl. & Cham.) A.R.Sm. & Tejero, Pleopeltis madrensis (J.Sm.) A.R.Sm. & Tejero, Polygala berlandieri S. Watson, Polypodium plesiosorum Kunze, Polypodium subpetiolatum Hook., Priva aspera Kunth, Pteridium caudatum (L.) Maxon, Richardia scabra L., Rubus liebmannii Focke, Rumex crispus L., Rumex obtusifolius L., Salvia lavanduloides Kunth, Salvia longispicata M.Martens & Galeotti, Salvia mexicana L., Salvia misella Kunth, Salvia polystachya Ortega, Salvia tiliifolia Vahl, Selaginella pallescens (C. Presl) Spring, Selaginella porphyrospora A. Braun, Senna foetidissima (Sessé & Moc. ex G. Don) H.S. Irwin & Barneby, Sicyos longisepalus Cogn., Sicyos microphyllus Kunth, Sida haenkeana C. Presl, Sigesbeckia agrestis Poepp., Simsia amplexicaulis (Cav.) Pers., Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop., Smilax mollis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Solanum americanum Mill., Solanum lanceolatum Cav., Solanum americanum Mill., Solanum appendiculatum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Dunal, Solanum ferrugineum Jacq., Solanum nigrescens M. Martens & Galeotti, Sonchus oleraceus L., Spananthe paniculata Jacq., Spermacoce remota Lam., Stachys agraria Schltdl. & Cham., Stevia ovata Willd., Tagetes filifolia Lag., Tagetes lunulata Ortega |
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Temporal Coverage
| Start Date | 2020-09-12 |
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| Start Date | 2020-10-05 |
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| Start Date | 2020-10-17 |
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| Start Date | 2023-07-23 |
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| Start Date / End Date | 2022-10-07 / 2022-10-26 |
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| Start Date | 2022-11-08 |
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| Start Date | 2022-11-26 |
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| Start Date | 2023-09-21 |
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Project Data
The ecosystems of central-western Mexico are subject to alarming rates of fragmentation and habitat loss. Biodiversity loss hurts ecosystem functionality and, combined with global warming, is affecting the region's development and will continue to do so due to the deterioration of environmental services. Given this scenario, this project aims to generate, in the medium and long term, solutions with high scientific and socio-economic value based on the adaptive design of ecological restoration strategies for the territory, taking into account the dynamics of biotic interactions that sustain key ecological processes such as pollination and seed dispersal (primary and secondary) at the landscape and regional scales.
| Title | Etnobiología, interacciones biológicas y restauración ecológica en el Centro-Occidente de México |
|---|---|
| Identifier | SECIHTI No. 673 |
| Funding | Secretaría de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnología e Innovación (SECIHTI). Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL). |
| Study Area Description | Economic region of Central-Western Mexico. |
| Design Description | Plants were collected along ad libitum transects within export-type avocado orchards. |
The personnel involved in the project:
Sampling Methods
Plants were collected along ad libitum transects within export-type avocado orchards.
| Study Extent | Between the municipalities of Tacámbaro (far east) and Peribán (far west) (19.2708°N, -101.489°W; 19.46°N, -102.365°) between 1478 m and 2400 m elevation. The sampling covers an area of influence of approximately 60000 ha, corresponding to 7.8% of the area covered by avocado orchards in Michoacán (SIAP 2024 ). The area of sampling influence included agricultural areas adjacent or close to the outer limits of the Barranca del Cupatitzio National Park and Pico de Tancítaro Flora and Fauna Protection Area. |
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| Quality Control | All botanical specimens were herbarium-preserved in the field and identified by expert botanical taxonomists based on the IEB Herbarium collection. To ensure verification of the identifications, each specimen has a catalogue number within the IEB herbarium. |
Method step description:
- (1) collection and herbarium preparation of fertile specimens in the field, (2) sample processing (in a dryer), (3) mounting and taxonomic determination, (4) catalogue assignment, and (5) entry into the IEB herbarium.
Collection Data
| Collection Name | Herbario IEB |
|---|---|
| Collection Identifier | https://www.inecol.mx/index.php/infraestructura/colecciones/coleccion-herbario-ieb |
| Parent Collection Identifier | No aplica |
| Specimen preservation methods | Dried and pressed |
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| Curatorial Units | Between 1 and 409 Ejemplar |
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Bibliographic Citations
- Altieri, M. A. (2009). Green deserts: Monocultures and their impacts on biodiversity. Emanuelli MS. Jons J, Monsalve S, Eds. Red Sugar, Green Deserts: Latin American Report on Monocultures and Violations of the Human Rights to Adequate Food and Housing, to Water, to Land and to Territory. Sweden: FIAN International, 67-76.
- Oerke, E. C. (2006). Crop losses to pests. The Journal of agricultural science, 144(1), 31-43.
- Crews, T. E., Carton, W., & Olsson, L. (2018). Is the future of agriculture perennial? Imperatives and opportunities to reinvent agriculture by shifting from annual monocultures to perennial polycultures. Global Sustainability, 1, e11.
- Chandrasena, N. (2021). Weeds and biodiversity: some reflections. Weeds-Journal of the Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society, 3(2), 1-19.
- CONAHCYT, (2024). Manejo Ecológico Integral de Arvenses en México (MEIA). Compilado de gacetas 1 a 27 / coord. de Ana Laura Urrutia Cárdenas, Luis Enrique García Barrios. – México : Conahcyt, 2024 580 p.
- Merlín-Uribe Y., L. Villamil-Echeverri L., J. Martínez, E. Ramírez., R. Ayala, M. Astier & M.E. Gavito. 2014. Biodiversidad útil: plantas e insectos benéficos asociados al cultivo de aguacate en Michoacán. Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental-Universidad Autónoma de México. Morelia 99 pp
- Operational Work Plan (OWP). 2021. Systems Approach for the importation of fresh Hass Avocado from Mexico into the United States. United States Deparment of Agriculture (USDA); Secretaría de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural (SADER). https://apeamac.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/PTO-FINAL-2022.pdf
Additional Metadata
| Alternative Identifiers | a6cb6b50-ccdb-4852-bda1-0bce106b70a4 |
|---|---|
| http://iptinecolbajio.inecol.mx/resource?r=arvense_flora_richness_of_the_michoacan_avocado_mosaic |